Skip to content

Package Management

Most Linux distributions have a package managementpackage management system with online repositoriesrepository containing thousands of packages. This makes it very easy to install and remove applications, operating system components, documentation and much more.

We first discuss the Debian package format .deb.deb and its tools dpkg, apt-get and aptitude. This should be similar on Debian, Ubuntu, Mint and all derived distributions.

Then we look at the Red Hat package format .rpm.rpm and its tools rpm and yum. This should be similar on Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS and all derived distributions. package terminology ===================

repository

A lot of software and documentation for your Linux distribution is available as packages in one or more centrally distributed repositoriesrepository. These packages in such a repository are tested and very easy to install (or remove) with a graphical or command line installer.

.deb packages

Debian, Ubuntu, Mint and all derivatives from Debian and Ubuntu use .debdeb(5) packages. To manage software on these systems, you can use aptitudeaptitude(8) or apt-getapt-get(8), both these tools are a front end for dpkgdpkg(8).

.rpm packages

Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Mandriva, Red Flag and others use .rpmrpm(8) packages. The tools to manage software packages on these systems are yum and rpm.

dependency

Some packages need other packages to function. Tools like apt-get, aptitude and yum will install all dependencies you need. When using dpkg or rpm, or when building from source, you will need to install dependencies yourself.

open source

These repositories contain a lot of independent open source software. Often the source code is customized to integrate better with your distribution. Most distributions also offer this modified source code as a package in one or more source repositories.

You are free to go to the project website itself (samba.org, apache.org, github.com, ...) an download the vanillavanilla (= without the custom distribution changes) source code.

GUI software management

End users have several graphical applications available via the desktop (look for \'add/remove software\' or something similar).

Below a screenshot of Ubuntu Software Center running on Ubuntu 12.04. Graphical tools are not discussed in this book. deb package management ======================

about deb

Most people use aptitude or apt-get to manage their Debian/Ubuntu family of Linux distributions. Both are a front end for dpkg and are themselves a back end for synaptic and other graphical tools.

dpkg -l

The low level tool to work with .deb packages is dpkgdpkg(8). Here you see how to obtain a list of all installed packages on a Debian server.

root@debian6:~# dpkg -l | wc -l
265

Compare this to the same list on a Ubuntu Desktop computer.

root@ubu1204~# dpkg -l | wc -l
2527

dpkg -l $package

Here is an example on how to get information on an individual package. The ii at the beginning means the package is installed.

root@debian6:~# dpkg -l rsync | tail -1 | tr -s  ' ' 
ii rsync 3.0.7-2 fast remote file copy program (like rcp)

dpkg -S

You can find the package that installed a certain file on your computer with dpkg -S. This example shows how to find the package for three files on a typical Debian server.

root@debian6:~# dpkg -S /usr/share/doc/tmux/ /etc/ssh/ssh_config /sbin/ifconfig 
tmux: /usr/share/doc/tmux/
openssh-client: /etc/ssh/ssh_config
net-tools: /sbin/ifconfig

dpkg -L

You can also get a list of all files that are installed by a certain program. Below is the list for the tmux package.

root@debian6:~# dpkg -L tmux
/.
/etc
/etc/init.d
/etc/init.d/tmux-cleanup
/usr
/usr/share
/usr/share/lintian
/usr/share/lintian/overrides
/usr/share/lintian/overrides/tmux
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/tmux
/usr/share/doc/tmux/TODO.gz
/usr/share/doc/tmux/FAQ.gz
/usr/share/doc/tmux/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/tmux/NEWS.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/tmux/changelog.gz
/usr/share/doc/tmux/copyright
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/tmux.vim.gz
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/h-boetes.conf
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/n-marriott.conf
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/screen-keys.conf
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/t-williams.conf
/usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/vim-keys.conf
/usr/share/doc/tmux/NOTES
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man1
/usr/share/man/man1/tmux.1.gz
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/tmux

dpkg

You could use dpkg -i to install a package and dpkg -r to remove a package, but you\'d have to manually keep track of dependencies. Using apt-get or aptitude is much easier.

apt-get

Debian has been using apt-getapt-get(8) to manage packages since 1998. Today Debian and many Debian-based distributions still actively support apt-get, though some experts claim aptitude is better at handling dependencies than apt-get.

Both commands use the same configuration files and can be used alternately; whenever you see apt-get in documentation, feel free to type aptitude.

We will start with apt-get and discuss aptitude in the next section.

apt-get update

When typing apt-get update you are downloading the names, versions and short description of all packages available on all configured repositories for your system.

In the example below you can see some repositories at the url be.archive.ubuntu.com because this computer was installed in Belgium. This url can be different for you.

root@ubu1204~# apt-get update
Ign http://be.archive.ubuntu.com precise InRelease
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise InRelease
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com precise-security InRelease            
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise InRelease                                         
Ign http://be.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates InRelease                                 
...
Hit http://be.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/main Translation-en                                                             
Hit http://be.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/multiverse Translation-en                                                       
Hit http://be.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/restricted Translation-en                                                       
Hit http://be.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/universe Translation-en                                                         
Fetched 13.7 MB in 8s (1682 kB/s)                                                                                                  
Reading package lists... Done
root@mac~#

Run apt-get update every time before performing other package operations.

apt-get upgrade

One of the nicest features of apt-get is that it allows for a secure update of all software currently installed on your computer with just one command.

root@debian6:~# apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
root@debian6:~#

The above screenshot shows that all software is updated to the latest version available for my distribution.

apt-get clean

apt-get keeps a copy of downloaded packages in /var/cache/apt/archives, as can be seen in this screenshot.

root@ubu1204~# ls /var/cache/apt/archives/ | head
accountsservice_0.6.15-2ubuntu9.4_i386.deb
apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu14_all.deb
apport-gtk_2.0.1-0ubuntu14_all.deb
apt_0.8.16~exp12ubuntu10.3_i386.deb
apt-transport-https_0.8.16~exp12ubuntu10.3_i386.deb
apt-utils_0.8.16~exp12ubuntu10.3_i386.deb
bind9-host_1%3a9.8.1.dfsg.P1-4ubuntu0.4_i386.deb
chromium-browser_20.0.1132.47~r144678-0ubuntu0.12.04.1_i386.deb
chromium-browser-l10n_20.0.1132.47~r144678-0ubuntu0.12.04.1_all.deb
chromium-codecs-ffmpeg_20.0.1132.47~r144678-0ubuntu0.12.04.1_i386.deb

Running apt-get clean removes all .deb files from that directory.

root@ubu1204~# apt-get clean
root@ubu1204~# ls /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
ls: cannot access /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb: No such file or directory

Use apt-cache search to search for availability of a package. Here we look for rsync.

root@ubu1204~# apt-cache search rsync | grep ^rsync
rsync - fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool
rsyncrypto - rsync friendly encryption

apt-get install

You can install one or more applications by appending their name behind apt-get install. The screenshot shows how to install the rsync package.

root@ubu1204~# apt-get install rsync
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  rsync
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 8 not upgraded.
Need to get 299 kB of archives.
After this operation, 634 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise/main rsync i386 3.0.9-1ubuntu1 [299 kB]
Fetched 299 kB in 0s (740 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package rsync.
(Reading database ... 323649 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking rsync (from .../rsync_3.0.9-1ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Setting up rsync (3.0.9-1ubuntu1) ...
 Removing any system startup links for /etc/init.d/rsync ...
root@ubu1204~#

apt-get remove

You can remove one or more applications by appending their name behind apt-get remove. The screenshot shows how to remove the rsync package.

root@ubu1204~# apt-get remove rsync
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  rsync ubuntu-standard
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 2 to remove and 8 not upgraded.
After this operation, 692 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? 
(Reading database ... 323681 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing ubuntu-standard ...
Removing rsync ...
 * Stopping rsync daemon rsync                                                                                                                                                                 [ OK ] 
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
root@ubu1204~#

Note however that some configuration information is not removed.

root@ubu1204~# dpkg -l rsync | tail -1 | tr -s ' ' 
rc rsync 3.0.9-1ubuntu1 fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool

apt-get purge

You can purge one or more applications by appending their name behind apt-get purge. Purging will also remove all existing configuration files related to that application. The screenshot shows how to purge the rsync package.

root@ubu1204~# apt-get purge rsync
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  rsync*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 8 not upgraded.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? 
(Reading database ... 323651 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing rsync ...
Purging configuration files for rsync ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
root@ubu1204~#

Note that dpkg has no information about a purged package, except that it is uninstalled and no configuration is left on the system.

root@ubu1204~# dpkg -l rsync | tail -1 | tr -s ' ' 
un rsync <none> (no description available)

aptitude

Most people use aptitudeaptitude(8) for package management on Debian, Mint and Ubuntu systems.

To synchronize with the repositories.

aptitude update

To patch and upgrade all software to the latest version on Debian.

aptitude upgrade

To patch and upgrade all software to the latest version on Ubuntu and Mint.

aptitude safe-upgrade

To install an application with all dependencies.

aptitude install $package

To search the repositories for applications that contain a certain string in their name or description.

aptitude search $string

To remove an application.

aptitude remove $package

To remove an application and all configuration files.

aptitude purge $package

apt

Both apt-get and aptitude use the same configuration information in /etc/apt/. Thus adding a repository for one of them, will automatically add it for both.

/etc/apt/sources.list

The resource list used by apt-get and aptitude is located in /etc/apt/sources.list/etc/apt/sources.list. This file contains a list of http or ftp sources where packages for the distribution can be downloaded.

This is what that list looks like on my Debian server.

root@debian6:~# cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main
deb-src http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main

deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main

# squeeze-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ squeeze-updates main
deb-src http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ squeeze-updates main

On my Ubuntu there are four times as many online repositories in use.

root@ubu1204~# wc -l /etc/apt/sources.list
63 /etc/apt/sources.list

There is much more to learn about apt, explore commands like add-apt-repository, apt-key and apropos apt. rpm ===

about rpm

The Red Hat package managerrpm can be used on the command line with rpm or in a graphical way going to Applications--System Settings--Add/Remove Applications. Type rpm --help to see some of the options.

Software distributed in the rpm format will be named foo-version.platform.rpm .

rpm -qa

To obtain a list of all installed software, use the rpm -qa command.

[root@RHEL52 ~]# rpm -qa | grep samba
system-config-samba-1.2.39-1.el5
samba-3.0.28-1.el5_2.1
samba-client-3.0.28-1.el5_2.1
samba-common-3.0.28-1.el5_2.1

rpm -q

To verify whether one package is installed, use rpm -q.

root@RHELv4u4:~# rpm -q gcc
gcc-3.4.6-3
root@RHELv4u4:~# rpm -q laika
package laika is not installed

rpm -Uvh

To install or upgrade a package, use the -Uvh switches. The -U switch is the same as -i for install, except that older versions of the software are removed. The -vh switches are for nicer output.

root@RHELv4u4:~# rpm -Uvh gcc-3.4.6-3

rpm -e

To remove a package, use the -e switch.

root@RHELv4u4:~# rpm -e gcc-3.4.6-3

rpm -e verifies dependencies, and thus will prevent you from accidentailly erasing packages that are needed by other packages.

[root@RHEL52 ~]# rpm -e gcc-4.1.2-42.el5
error: Failed dependencies:
gcc = 4.1.2-42.el5 is needed by (installed) gcc-c++-4.1.2-42.el5.i386
gcc = 4.1.2-42.el5 is needed by (installed) gcc-gfortran-4.1.2-42.el5.i386
gcc is needed by (installed) systemtap-0.6.2-1.el5_2.2.i386

/var/lib/rpm

The rpm database is located at /var/lib/rpm/var/lib/rpm. This database contains all meta information about packages that are installed (via rpm). It keeps track of all files, which enables complete removes of software.

rpm2cpio

We can use rpm2cpiorpm2cpio(8) to convert an rpm to a cpiocpio(1) archive.

[root@RHEL53 ~]# file kernel.src.rpm 
kernel.src.rpm: RPM v3 src PowerPC kernel-2.6.18-92.1.13.el5
[root@RHEL53 ~]# rpm2cpio kernel.src.rpm > kernel.cpio
[root@RHEL53 ~]# file kernel.cpio 
kernel.cpio: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)

But why would you want to do this ?

Perhaps just to see of list of files in the rpm file.

[root@RHEL53 ~]# rpm2cpio kernel.src.rpm | cpio -t | head -5
COPYING.modules
Config.mk
Module.kabi_i686
Module.kabi_i686PAE
Module.kabi_i686xen

Or to extract one file from an rpm package.

[root@RHEL53 ~]# rpm2cpio kernel.src.rpm | cpio -iv Config.mk
Config.mk
246098 blocks

yum

about yum

The Yellowdog Updater, Modified (yum)yum(8) is an easier command to work with rpm packages. It is installed by default on Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux since version 5.2.

yum list

Issue yum list available to see a list of available packages. The available parameter is optional.

root@rhel65:/etc# yum list | wc -l
This system is receiving updates from Red Hat Subscription Management.
3935
root@rhel65:/etc#

Issue yum list $package to get all versions (in different repositories) of one package.

[root@rhel55 ~]# yum list samba
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
Installed Packages
samba.i386                 3.0.33-3.28.el5         installed         
Available Packages
samba.i386                 3.0.33-3.29.el5_5       rhel-i386-server-5

To search for a package containing a certain string in the description or name use yum search $string.

[root@rhel55 ~]# yum search gcc44
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
========================== Matched: gcc44 ===========================
gcc44.i386 : Preview of GCC version 4.4
gcc44-c++.i386 : C++ support for GCC version 4.4
gcc44-gfortran.i386 : Fortran support for GCC 4.4 previe

yum provides

To search for a package containing a certain file (you might need for compiling things) use yum provides $filename.

root@rhel65:/etc# yum provides /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
Loaded plugins: product-id, subscription-manager
This system is receiving updates from Red Hat Subscription Management.
rhel-6-server-cf-tools-1-rpms                                 | 2.8 kB     00:00
rhel-6-server-rpms                                            | 3.7 kB     00:00
man-pages-3.22-12.el6.noarch : Man (manual) pages from the Linux Documenta...
Repo        : rhel-6-server-rpms
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz



man-pages-3.22-20.el6.noarch : Man (manual) pages from the Linux Documenta...
Repo        : rhel-6-server-rpms
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz



man-pages-3.22-17.el6.noarch : Man (manual) pages from the Linux Documenta...
Repo        : rhel-6-server-rpms
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz



man-pages-3.22-20.el6.noarch : Man (manual) pages from the Linux Documenta...
Repo        : installed
Matched from:
Other       : Provides-match: /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz



root@rhel65:/etc#

yum install

To install an application, use yum install $package. Naturally yum will install all the necessary dependencies.

[root@rhel55 ~]# yum install sudo
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package sudo.i386 0:1.7.2p1-7.el5_5 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================================
 Package     Arch      Version            Repository               Size
=======================================================================
Installing:
 sudo        i386      1.7.2p1-7.el5_5    rhel-i386-server-5      230 k

Transaction Summary
=======================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)
Upgrade       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 230 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
sudo-1.7.2p1-7.el5_5.i386.rpm                       | 230 kB     00:00 
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing     : sudo                                        1/1

Installed:
  sudo.i386 0:1.7.2p1-7.el5_5

Complete!

You can add more than one parameter here.

yum install $package1 $package2 $package3

yum update

To bring all applications up to date, by downloading and installing them, issue yum update. All software that was installed via yum will be updated to the latest version that is available in the repository.

yum update

If you only want to update one package, use yum update $package.

[root@rhel55 ~]# yum update sudo
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
Skipping security plugin, no data
Setting up Update Process
Resolving Dependencies
Skipping security plugin, no data
--> Running transaction check
---> Package sudo.i386 0:1.7.2p1-7.el5_5 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=====================================================================
 Package     Arch    Version           Repository                Size
=====================================================================
Updating:
 sudo        i386    1.7.2p1-7.el5_5   rhel-i386-server-5       230 k

Transaction Summary
=====================================================================
Install       0 Package(s)
Upgrade       1 Package(s)

Total download size: 230 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
sudo-1.7.2p1-7.el5_5.i386.rpm                      | 230 kB     00:00 
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Updating       : sudo                                           1/2
  Cleanup        : sudo                                           2/2

Updated:
  sudo.i386 0:1.7.2p1-7.el5_5

Complete!

yum software groups

Issue yum grouplist to see a list of all available software groups.

[root@rhel55 ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
Setting up Group Process
Installed Groups:
   Administration Tools
   Authoring and Publishing
   DNS Name Server
   Development Libraries
   Development Tools
   Editors
   GNOME Desktop Environment
   GNOME Software Development
   Graphical Internet
   Graphics
   Legacy Network Server
   Legacy Software Development
   Legacy Software Support
   Mail Server
   Network Servers
   Office/Productivity
   Printing Support
   Server Configuration Tools
   System Tools
   Text-based Internet
   Web Server
   Windows File Server
   X Software Development
   X Window System
Available Groups:
   Engineering and Scientific
   FTP Server
   Games and Entertainment
   Java Development
   KDE (K Desktop Environment)
   KDE Software Development
   MySQL Database
   News Server
   OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution
   PostgreSQL Database
   Sound and Video
Done

To install a set of applications, brought together via a group, use yum groupinstall $groupname.

[root@rhel55 ~]# yum groupinstall 'Sound and video'
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
Setting up Group Process
Package alsa-utils-1.0.17-1.el5.i386 already installed and latest version
Package sox-12.18.1-1.i386 already installed and latest version
Package 9:mkisofs-2.01-10.7.el5.i386 already installed and latest version
Package 9:cdrecord-2.01-10.7.el5.i386 already installed and latest version
Package cdrdao-1.2.1-2.i386 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package cdda2wav.i386 9:2.01-10.7.el5 set to be updated
---> Package cdparanoia.i386 0:alpha9.8-27.2 set to be updated
---> Package sound-juicer.i386 0:2.16.0-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: libmusicbrainz >= 2.1.0 for package: sound-juicer
--> Processing Dependency: libmusicbrainz.so.4 for package: sound-juicer
---> Package vorbis-tools.i386 1:1.1.1-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: libao >= 0.8.4 for package: vorbis-tools
--> Processing Dependency: libao.so.2 for package: vorbis-tools
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libao.i386 0:0.8.6-7 set to be updated
---> Package libmusicbrainz.i386 0:2.1.1-4.1 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
...

Read the manual page of yum for more information about managing groups in yum.

/etc/yum.conf and repositories

The configuration of yum repositories is done in /etc/yum/yum.conf and /etc/yum/repos.d/.

Configurating yum itself is done in /etc/yum.conf/etc/yum.conf. This file will contain the location of a log file and a cache directory for yum and can also contain a list of repositories.

Recently yum started accepting several repo files with each file containing a list of repositories. These repo files are located in the /etc/yum.repos.d//etc/yum.repos.d/ directory.

One important flag for yum is enablerepo. Use this command if you want to use a repository that is not enabled by default.

yum $command $foo --enablerepo=$repo

An example of the contents of the repo file: MyRepo.repo

[$repo]
name=My Repository
baseurl=http://path/to/MyRepo
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-MyRep

alien

alien is experimental software that converts between rpm and deb package formats (and others).

Below an example of how to use alien to convert an rpm package to a deb package.

paul@barry:~$ ls -l netcat*
-rw-r--r-- 1 paul paul 123912 2009-06-04 14:58 netcat-0.7.1-1.i386.rpm
paul@barry:~$ alien --to-deb netcat-0.7.1-1.i386.rpm 
netcat_0.7.1-2_i386.deb generated
paul@barry:~$ ls -l netcat*
-rw-r--r-- 1 paul paul 123912 2009-06-04 14:58 netcat-0.7.1-1.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 125236 2009-06-04 14:59 netcat_0.7.1-2_i386.deb

In real life, use the netcat tool provided by your distribution, or use the .deb file from their website.

downloading software outside the repository

First and most important, whenever you download software, start by reading the README file!

Normally the readme will explain what to do after download. You will probably receive a .tar.gz or a .tgz file. Read the documentation, then put the compressed file in a directory. You can use the following to find out where the package wants to install.

tar tvzpf $downloadedFile.tgz

You unpack them like with tar xzftar(1), it will create a directory called applicationName-1.2.3

tar xzf $applicationName.tgz

Replace the z with a j when the file ends in .tar.bz2. The tar, gzip and bzip2 commands are explained in detail in the Linux Fundamentals course.

If you download a .deb file, then you\'ll have to use dpkg to install it, .rpm\'s can be installed with the rpm command.

compiling software

First and most important, whenever you download source code for installation, start by reading the README file!

Usually the steps are always the same three : running ./configure./configure followed by makemake(1) (which is the actual compiling) and then by make install to copy the files to their proper location.

./configure
make
make install

practice: package management

1. Verify whether gcc, sudo and wesnoth are installed.

2. Use yum or aptitude to search for and install the scp, tmux, and man-pages packages. Did you find them all ?

3. Search the internet for \'webmin\' and figure out how to install it.

4. If time permits, search for and install samba including the samba docs pdf files (thousands of pages in two pdf\'s). solution: package management ============================

1. Verify whether gcc, sudo and wesnoth are installed.

On Red Hat/CentOS:
rpm -qa | grep gcc
rpm -qa | grep sudo
rpm -qa | grep wesnoth

On Debian/Ubuntu:
dpkg -l | grep gcc
dpkg -l | grep sudo
dpkg -l | grep wesnoth

2. Use yum or aptitude to search for and install the scp, tmux, and man-pages packages. Did you find them all ?

On Red Hat/CentOS:
yum search scp
yum search tmux
yum search man-pages

On Debian/Ubuntu:
aptitude search scp
aptitude search tmux
aptitude search man-pages

3. Search the internet for \'webmin\' and figure out how to install it.

Google should point you to webmin.com.

There are several formats available there choose .rpm, .deb or .tgz .

4. If time permits, search for and install samba including the samba docs pdf files (thousands of pages in two pdf\'s).